Cancer treatment centers with links to Massachusetts’ most prestigious hospitals are springing up throughout the western suburbs of Boston, a trend that experts said would allow cancer patients to receive top-notch care near their homes at a time when more people face a greater chance of developing the disease. On January 19, UMass Memorial Health Care is scheduled to hold a groundbreaking ceremony for the $12.7 million Cancer Pavilion at Marlborough Hospital. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center plans to open a state-of-the-art $20 million cancer center in Needham in spring 2014.