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STAT | Pharmalot

Punish people, not just corporations

Sally Yates says prosecutors won’t let individuals off the hook even if their employers reach a deal. Carolyn Kaster/Associated Press

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Novartis is scheduled to go on trial next week for allegedly paying kickbacks to boost drug sales. The Department of Justice is asking the Swiss drug giant for more than $3 billion in damages and civil fines for what prosecutors say was a scheme that caused federal health care programs to overpay for the company’s medicines.

Yet a last-minute deal is entirely possible. In fact, over the years a parade of drug companies have reached settlements, mostly for paying physicians to favor their medicines or illegally marketing products. Rarely, though, do executives suffer any consequences.

There have been some notable exceptions. In 2007, three former executives from Purdue Pharma were banned from any dealings with Medicare and Medicaid for fraudulently marketing the OxyContin painkiller. And in 2012, four onetime officials from the medical device manufacturer Synthes were banned after doing jail time for their role in running an illegal clinical trial.

But these are anomalies. Mostly, the federal government resorts to large fines, even though countless people may have been prescribed medicines unnecessarily — at great expense and sometimes great harm. Drug makers simply treat these penalties as a cost of doing business. The failure to come down harder is sadly reminiscent of the recent financial crisis, in which most heads of the biggest banks escaped unscathed.

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Lately, however, there are signs the government might be changing its approach toward recalcitrant executives, a move long overdue. If individuals aren’t held accountable, the senior officials who run these companies have little incentive to play by the rules.

Last month, Sally Yates, a Justice Department official, issued a memo to department attorneys that serves as a blueprint for pursuing individuals who engage in corporate malfeasance. One passage, in particular, stands out because it says the agency will not let “culpable” people off the hook, even when their employers reach a deal. Prosecutors around the country are now being urged to go after wayward executives.

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And earlier this year, lawyers at the Department of Health and Human Services formed a team to more aggressively pursue exclusions, the legal term for a ban. Such a penalty would preclude someone’s participation in Medicare, Medicaid, and all other federal health care programs — a career killer, because executives are responsible for inking lucrative contracts with these government agencies.

These actions “remove two of the biggest historical obstacles to pursuing individuals,” said Tony Maida, an attorney who worked at Health and Human Services until last year.

Whether Novartis becomes a key example of this newfound government willingness to pursue individuals is unclear. Certainly, the drug maker irked Preet Bharara, the US attorney for the Southern District of New York, who is pressing the case. When the federal government joined a whistle-blower lawsuit against the company two years ago, he pointedly called Novartis a “repeat offender” — and it was hard to miss the implications.

He was referring to a 2010 case in which Novartis paid $422.5 million for allegedly marketing six drugs off-label and paying kickbacks to health care professionals. The company also signed a five-year agreement in which Novartis executives promised not to run afoul of the law. Bharara did not intend to let this go unpunished.

Now, Novartis stands accused of offering rebates to specialty pharmacies to induce them to recommend refills of two of its drugs, the blood transfusion treatment Exjade and the kidney transplant agent Myfortic.

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“This is a needed test case,” said Patrick Burns of Taxpayers Against Fraud, a nonprofit that advocates for tough penalties and is partially funded by attorneys. The government “should name names and hold people accountable. That would be a game changer.”

An alternative punishment would be to ban companies, rather than their employees, from doing business with federal health care programs. However, if a drug maker’s needed medicines are suddenly not available, innocent citizens could become collateral damage. Employees would lose jobs, and shareholders would take the hit.

So, it makes sense to go after individual wrongdoers. Of course, the government must confirm an executive actually engaged in shenanigans or was in a position to know what was taking place.

This is not always easy. As the Justice Department’s Yates wrote in her September memo, determining culpability can be hard when high-ranking executives are insulated from some activities or millions of documents must be reviewed.

Then again, the alternative is to allow this behavior to continue.

“If you have a law that says you have exclusion but it’s never really applied, it makes a mockery of the system,” said Marc Rodwin, who studies compliance issues at Suffolk University Law School.

Indeed, it’s not good policy if some drug makers are violating the law in a way that harms the public. These companies are supposed to be improving public health. Let’s hold their top employees to that standard, too.

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Ed Silverman can be reached at ed.silverman@statnews.com. Follow him on Twitter @Pharmalot. Follow Stat on Twitter @statnews.