50 years after Tonkin, which lessons to draw?

The second wave of combat helicopters of the 1st Air Cavalry Division fly over a radio telephone operator and his commander on an isolated landing zone during Operation Pershing, a search-and-destroy mission on the Bong Son Plain and An Lao Valley of South Vietnam, in January 1967.Getty Images

President Lyndon Johnson, in the midst of his civil rights initiative, worried about political pressure from military hawks. A week earlier, Barry Goldwater had accepted the 1964 Republican presidential nomination with a fiery anti-communist speech. Aggressive action against communist North Vietnam would neutralize Goldwater’s campaign. But it was based on hazy information.

While the administration insisted there had been two attacks, there were doubts within the military. The National Security Agency later determined there was no second attack. Plus, the administration declined to reveal that the Maddox was on an intelligence mission, aiding South Vietnam against the North. An uninquisitive Congress, however, granted overwhelming approval.

The war caused more than 58,000 US deaths and many times that many Vietnamese deaths, without preventing a North Vietnamese victory. Now, as new hotspots emerge around the world, the United States faces more and more questions about when and how to intervene. So, what lessons does the infamous Tonkin Gulf Resolution hold for today’s policymakers?